Kajian Terkini Tentang Anacardium occidentale (Pokok Gajus) Sebagai Tumbuhan Ubatan Berpotensi Tinggi
An updated review on Anacardium occidentale as a high potential medicinal plant
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53840/e-jpi.v13i3.286Keywords:
Anacardium occidentale, pokok gajus, produk semula jadi, fitokimia, aktiviti farmakologiAbstract
Anacardium occidentale (pokok gajus) ialah tumbuhan tropika daripada famili Anacardiaceae yang banyak ditanam di kawasan beriklim panas seperti Asia Tenggara, Afrika Barat dan Amerika Selatan. Selain mempunyai nilai ekonomi melalui penghasilan kacang gajus, tumbuhan ini turut digunakan secara tradisional oleh pelbagai komuniti untuk merawat masalah kesihatan seperti cirit-birit, sakit tekak, luka, gangguan kulit, hipertensi dan diabetes. Hampir semua bahagian pokok termasuk daun, kulit batang, buah, biji dan akar telah digunakan dalam amalan etnomedik dengan pelbagai kaedah penyediaan. Kajian fitokimia menunjukkan bahawa A. occidentale kaya dengan metabolit sekunder seperti flavonoid, fenolik, tanin, terpenoid dan alkaloid, yang menyumbang kepada pelbagai aktiviti farmakologi termasuk antioksidan, anti-radang, antidiabetik, antihipertensi, antibakteria, antifungi, antikanser, penyembuhan luka serta perlindungan kardiovaskular. Keberkesanan bioaktiviti ini didapati dipengaruhi oleh teknik pengekstrakan dan jenis pelarut yang digunakan, kerana variasi kaedah menghasilkan profil fitokimia yang berbeza. Selain itu, beberapa penilaian klinikal awal turut menunjukkan potensi terapeutik, khususnya dalam mengurangkan risiko kardiovaskular, penanda keradangan, kadar glukosa darah dan biomarker kolesterol bukan HDL. Walaupun penyelidikan in vitro, in vivo dan percubaan klinikal awal menunjukkan hasil yang memberangsangkan, namun, penyelidikan lanjutan masih diperlukan untuk menilai keberkesanan antara kaedah pengekstrakan, memperkukuh bukti preklinikal dan klinikal, serta meneroka potensi bioteknologi A. occidentale. Penemuan sedia ada bukan sahaja menyokong penggunaan tradisional A. occidentale, malah mengukuhkan asas saintifik bagi pembangunan produk herba moden. Oleh itu, artikel ulasan ini menghimpunkan dan membincangkan maklumat terkini mengenai penggunaan tradisional, kandungan fitokimia, aktiviti farmakologi dan bukti klinikal berkaitan A. occidentale, sekali gus menonjolkan potensinya sebagai sumber terapeutik semula jadi untuk penyelidikan dan aplikasi klinikal pada masa hadapan.
Downloads
References
Ain Nabihah Mohd Ali Jinah, N., Ahmad Yusof, H., & Mat Jusoh, H. (2020). Antimicrobial properties of Anacardium occidentale (cashew) leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 4(3), 1496-1506.
Akomolafe, S. F., Kehinde, A. J., Ajayi, O. B., Olofinniyi, J. A., & Olasehinde, T. A. (2024). Assessment of the effect of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut-supplemented diet on key biochemical indices relevant to cardiac function in cisplatin-induced cardiotoxic rats. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8(3), 6705–6712.
Amorim, L. S., Marques Goes, P. E., Figueiredo, R. D. A., Souza, J. A. da C. R., Tavares, J. F., Castellano, L. R. C., Castro, R. D. de, Farias, D., & de Aquino, S. G. (2022). In vitro antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Anacardium occidentale L. extracts and their toxicity on PBMCs and zebrafish embryos. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 45(6), 2653–2663.
Anand, G., Ravinanthan, M., Basaviah, R., & Shetty, A. (2015). In vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of Anacardium occidentale and Mangifera indica in oral care. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 7(1), 69–74.
Andayanie, W. R., Lukito, M., & Chasanatun, F. (2021). Antifungal of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn) leaves, nutshells, and peduncle bagasse ashes extracts against sooty mould fungi (Capnodium sp). IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1011(1), 012039.
Anorue, E. C., Joshua, P. E., & Asogwa, O. C. (2025). Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of Anacardium occidentale leaf. Inflammopharmacology, 33(6), 3377–3401.
Archana, T., Soumya, K., James, J., & Sudhakaran, S. (2021). Root extracts of Anacardium occidentale reduce hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in vitro. Clinical Phytoscience, 7(1), 57.
Arise, R. O., Taofeek, O. O., Babaita, K., Adeoye, R. I., & Osemwegie, O. (2021). Blood pressure and sugar regulating potentials of Anarcadium occidentale nut globulin and albumin hydrolysates. Heliyon, 7(3), e06384.
Arsene, M., J, Abo K. J. C., Kassi, Y. T., Irie Bi, J. S. (2016). The effect of an aqueous extract of bark of (Anacardiaceae) on arterial blood pressure and respiratory movements in the rabbit. International Journal of Current Research, 8(12), 42727-42733.
Blomhoff, R., Carlsen, M. H., Andersen, L. F., & Jacobs, D. R. (2006). Health benefits of nuts: potential role of antioxidants. The British Journal of Nutrition, 96 Suppl 2, S52-60.
Bukola, A.-O., Audu, C., & Anoze, M. (2018). Antibacterial Activity of Anacardium occidentale (cashew) leaf extracts on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(1).
Brito, L. B., Leal, B. O., da Silva, J. R., Barbosa, K. M. P., da Silva, V. T., Costa, A. S., ... & de Araújo, M. F. M. (2025). Effect of the consumption of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale l.) flour-based biscuits in overweight children: a pilot randomized clinical trial. Nutrición hospitalaria: Órgano oficial de la Sociedad Española de Nutrición Clínica y Metabolismo (SENPE), 42(1), 19-25.
Chabi Sika, K., Adoukonou-Sagbadja, H., Adigoun, F., Aliou, S., Sika, C. K., E, A. L., A, A. F., & O, K. S. (2013). Indigenous knowledge and traditional management of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) genetic resources in Benin. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences, 1(5), 375-382.
Chan, E. W. C., Baba, S., Chan, H. T., Kainuma, M., Inoue, T., & Wong, S. K. (2017). Ulam herbs: A review on the medicinal properties of Anacardium occidentale and Barringtonia racemosa. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 7(2), 241–247.
Chan, P. K., Shafie, N. H., Meli, M. A. A., & Loh, S. P. (2023). Phytochemicals screening and anti-proliferative activities of Anacardium occidentale shoot extract in breast cancer cells. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 19(5), 202–210.
Chen, Y., Li, N., Guo, X., Huang, H., Garcia‐Oliveira, P., Sun, J., Zhang, J., Prieto, M. A., Guo, Z., & Liu, C. (2023). The nutritional and bio‐active constituents, functional activities, and industrial applications of cashew (Anacardium occidentale). Food Frontiers, 4(4), 1606–1621.
Chiang Chan, E. W., Ping Tan, Y., Jia Chin, S., Yi Gan, L., Xian Kang, K., Hong Fong, C., Qi Chang, H., & Chern How, Y. (2014). Antioxidant properties of selected fresh and processed herbs and vegetables. Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 4(1), 39–46.
Cordaro, M., Siracusa, R., Fusco, R., D’amico, R., Peritore, A. F., Gugliandolo, E., Genovese, T., Scuto, M., Crupi, R., Mandalari, G., Cuzzocrea, S., Di Paola, R., & Impellizzeri, D. (2020). Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nuts counteract oxidative stress and inflammation in an acute experimental model of carrageenan-induced paw edema. Antioxidants, 9(8), 1–19.
Costa, A. R., Silva, J. R. de L., de Oliveira, T. J. S., da Silva, T. G., Pereira, P. S., Borba, E. F. de O., de Brito, E. S., Ribeiro, P. R. V., Almeida-Bezerra, J. W., Júnior, J. T. C., de Menezes, I. R. A., Kamdem, J. P., Duarte, A. E., & Barros, L. M. (2020). Phytochemical profile of Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) and the cytotoxic and toxicological evaluation of its bark and leaf extracts. South African Journal of Botany, 135(2020), 355–364.
ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy of Cashew Nut Protein Immunotherapy (NCT06328504). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06328504
ClinicalTrials.gov. Effect of Cashew Apple Juice on Health Outcomes (NCT02560077). Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02560077
da Costa, C. D. F., Herculano, E. A., Silva, J. C. G., Paulino, E. T., Bernardino, A. C., Araújo-Júnior, J. X., Sant’Ana, A. E. G., Salvador, M. J., & Ribeiro, Ê. A. N. (2018). Hypotensive, vasorelaxant and antihypertensive activities of the hexane extract of Anacardium occidentale Linn. Archives of Biological Sciences, 70(3), 459–468.
da Silva, D. C. G., da Silva, H. M., Franco, P. P., Do Carmo, T. J. A. V., Dos Santos, D. R., Silveira, E. L., Pinto, A. C. G., de Andrade, M. A., & Chaves, R. H. de F. (2022). Anacardium occidentale L. (cajueiro) in the healing of skin wounds: an experimental study in rats. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, 37(10).
Dakuyo, R., Konaté, K., Bazié, D., Sanou, A., Kaboré, K., Sama, H., Santara, B., Konkobo, F. A., & Dicko, M. H. (2022). Correlating the morphology of Anacardium occidentale L. fruits from 30 orchards with their physicochemical and nutritional properties. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13.
D’amico, R., Cordaro, M., Fusco, R., Peritore, A. F., Genovese, T., Gugliandolo, E., Crupi, R., Mandalari, G., Caccamo, D., Cuzzocrea, S., Di Paola, R., Siracusa, R., & Impellizzeri, D. (2022). Consumption of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Nuts counteracts oxidative stress and tissue inflammation in mild hyperhomocysteinemia in rats. Nutrients, 14(7), 1474.
Damsud, T., Tedphum, T., Sukkrong, C., & Lila, M. A. (2021). Anti-diabetic potential of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) shoots and leaves extracts under simulated in vitro digestion. Science & Technology Asia, 26(2), 138–144.
De Carvalho Nilo Bitu, V., De Carvalho Nilo Bitu, V., Matias, E. F. F., De Lima, W. P., Da Costa Portelo, A., Coutinho, H. D. M., & De Menezes, I. R. A. (2015). Ethnopharmacological study of plants sold for therapeutic purposes in public markets in Northeast Brazil. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 172, 265–272.
Duangjan, C., Rangsinth, P., Zhang, S., Wink, M., & Tencomnao, T. (2021). Anacardium occidentale L. leaf extracts protect against glutamate/H2O2-induced oxidative toxicity and induce neurite outgrowth: The involvement of SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway and teneurin 4 transmembrane protein. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12.
Emojevwe, V. (2021). Effects of methanol fraction of Anarcardium occidentale (cashew) bark extract on saltinduced hypertension in rats. Progress in Medical Sciences, 5(2), 1–7.
Encarnação, S., de Mello-Sampayo, C., Carrapiço, B., São Braz, B., Jordão, A. P., Peleteiro, C., Catarino, L., Silva, I. B. M. da, Gouveia, L. F., Lima, B. S., & Silva, O. (2022). Anacardium occidentale bark as an antidiabetic agent. Plants, 11(19), 2637.
Encarnação, S., de Mello-Sampayo, C., Graça, N. A. G., Catarino, L., da Silva, I. B. M., Lima, B. S., & Silva, O. M. D. (2016). Total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and pre-clinical safety evaluation of an Anacardium occidentale stem bark Portuguese hypoglycemic traditional herbal preparation. Industrial Crops and Products, 82, 171–178.
Erhenhi, H. A., Emmanuel Ede, L., H, E. A., E, L. E., & A, O. R. (2016). Medicinal plant used for the treatment of skin diseases in Edo State, Nigeria. Journal of Medicinal Plant and Herbal Therapy Research, 4(2016), 25–29.
Girón, L. M., Freire, V., Alonzo, A., & Cáceres, A. (1991). Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora used by the Caribs of Guatemala. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 34(2–3), 173–187.
Jaiswal, Y. S., Tatke, P. A., Gabhe, S. Y., & Vaidya, A. B. (2017). Antidiabetic activity of extracts of Anacardium occidentale Linn. leaves on n-streptozotocin diabetic rats. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 7(4), 421–427.
Khayruzamri, M. A., Wan Mohd Samsudin, W. N. A., & Hashim, S. E. (2023). Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of Anacardium occidentale L. Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters, 11(1), 59–63.
Kongkachuichai, R., Charoensiri, R., Yakoh, K., Kringkasemsee, A., & Insung, P. (2015). Nutrients value and antioxidant content of indigenous vegetables from Southern Thailand. Food Chemistry, 173, 838–846.
Kurniasari, R., Suzery, M., & Cahyono, B. (2024). Analysis of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of cashew leaf extract (Anacardium occidentale L.) with varying ethanol concentrations. Jurnal Riset Kimia, 15(2), 116–130.
Laxmanaswami, B., & Urooj, A. (2018). Phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) extract. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 5(3), 095–098.
Lidyawita, R., Sudarsono, & Harsini. (2013). Antifungal activities of boiled cashew bark (Anacardium occidentale l.) on C. albicans in acrylic resin. Traditional Medicine Journal, 18(1), 2013.
Khayruzamri, M. A., Wan Mohd Samsudin, W. N. A., & Hashim, S. E. (2023). Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of Anacardium occidentale L. Journal of Science and Mathematics Letters, 11(1), 59-63.
Medzhitov, R. (2021). The spectrum of inflammatory responses. Science, 374(6571), 1070–1075.
Meneguelli, T. S., Claudia, A., Wendling, A. L., Dionísio, A. P., Bressan, J., Duarte, S., Tako, E., & Hermana, H. (2024). Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) and cashew nut oil reduce cardiovascular risk factors in adults on weight-loss treatment: a randomized controlled three-arm trial (Brazilian Nuts Study). Frontiers in Nutrition, 11.
Meneguelli, T. S., Wendling, A. L., Kravchychyn, A. C. P., Rocha, D. M. U. P., Dionísio, A. P., Bressan, J., ... & Hermsdorff, H. H. M. (2024). Effects of Cashew Nuts (Anacardium occidentale L.) and Cashew Nut Oil on Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Markers during an Energy-Restricted 8-Week Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial (Brazilian Nuts Study). Foods, 13(18), 2917.
Nehete, M., De, S., Degani, M., & Tatke, P. (2023). A topical formulation of Anacardium occidentale L. leaves extract enhances wound healing via mediating TNF-α and TGF- β. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 61(6), 424–435.
Nisa, K., Hasanah, A. U., Damayanti, E., Frediansyah, A., Anwar, M., Khumaira, A., & Anindita, N. S. (2024). In vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical profiling of Indonesian Anacardium occidentale L. leaf extract and fractions. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy Research, 12(1), 50–72.
Nor, A. H., Ali, A., Shukri, M. A. M., Razali, M., & Alia, A. (2016). Antimicrobial potency of essential oil from cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) clones. J. Trop. Agric. and Fd. Sc, 44(1), 73-80.
Nugroho, A. E., Abdul Malik, & Pramono, S. (2013). Total phenolic and flavonoids content, and in vitro antihypertension activity of purified extract of Indonesian cashew leaves (A. occidentale L). International Food Research Journal, 20(1), 299–305.
Oliveira, A. S., Nascimento, J. R., Trovão, L. O., Alves, P. C. S., Maciel, M. C. G., Silva, L. D. M., Marques, A. A., Santos, A. P. S. A., Silva, L. A., Nascimento, F. R. F., & Guerra, R. N. M. (2019). The anti-inflammatory activity of Anacardium occidentale L. increases the lifespan of diabetic mice with lethal sepsis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 236, 345–353.
Paiva, J. R. de, Barros, L. de M., & Cavalcanti, J. J. V. (2009). Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Breeding: A Global Perspective. Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Tropical Species, 287–324.
Philip, I., Tunrayo, S., Idara, C., Adaze, E., Chinonyelum, N., Nwachukwu, C., Ekpereka, N., & Okechukwu, C. (2019). Antifungal properties of methanolic leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale L (cashew) against fusarial isolates from human and plant origin. Pharmacologyonline, 15(1), 117–135.
Pereira de Jesus Costa, A. C., Kelly dos Santos Silva, M., Batista de Oliveira, S., Silva, L. L., Silva, A. C., Barroso, R. B., ... & Araújo, M. F. M. D. (2020). Effects of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale L.) seed flour in moderately malnourished children: Randomized clinical trial. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2020(1), 6980754.
Quejada, L. F., Hernandez, A. X., Chitiva, L. C., Bravo-Chaucanés, C. P., Vargas-Casanova, Y., Faria, R. X., Costa, G. M., & Parra-Giraldo, C. M. (2024). Unmasking the antifungal activity of Anacardium occidentale leaf extract against Candida albicans. Journal of Fungi, 10(7), 464.
Rajesh, B. R., Kumari, P. C., & Mtp, M. (2015). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of leaves of Terminalia catappa and Anacardium occidentale: A comparative study. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 4(1), 79–82.
Samaila, U. K., Abdullahi, I., & Onyema, R. (2025). Hypoglycemic effect of aqueous extract of cashew plant leaves (Anacardium occidentale) on alloxan induced albino rats. Journal of Health and Pharmacology, 12(1), 33–36.
Sassi, A., Normah, H., Khattak, M. M. A. K., & Hanapi, M. J. (2022). Analysis of phenolic profile, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in Anacardium occidentale leaves. Food Research, 6(1), 20–26.
Sinlapapanya, P., Sumpavapol, P., Nirmal, N., Zhang, B., Hong, H., & Benjakul, S. (2022). Ethanolic cashew leaf extract: antimicrobial activity, mode of action, and retardation of spoilage bacteria in refrigerated Nile Tilapia slices. Foods, 11(21), 3461.
Tafinta, I. Y., Okoye, N. H., Batagarawa, U. S., Hamma, I. I., & Abubakar, M. (2020a). Phytochemical screening and antifungal activities of cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) leaves Extract on some fungal isolates. Asian Plant Research Journal, 5(3), 30–37.
Taiwo, B. J., Fatokun, A. A., Olubiyi, O. O., Bamigboye-Taiwo, O. T., van Heerden, F. R., & Wright, C. W. (2017). Identification of compounds with cytotoxic activity from the leaf of the Nigerian medicinal plant, Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae). Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, 25(8), 2327–2335.
Tan, Y. P., & Chan, E. W. C. (2014). Antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibacterial properties of fresh and processed leaves of Anacardium occidentale and Piper betle. Food Bioscience, 6, 17–23.
Togola, I., Kaya, Y., Diarra, N., Abdoulaye Konare, M., Denou, A., & Sanogo, R. (2020). Comparative study of the phytochemistry and antioxidant activity of Anacardium occidentale (L.) leaf and stem bark extracts. Journal of Diseases and Medicinal Plants, 6(3), 72.
Varghese, J., Tumkur, V. K., Ballal, V., & Bhat, G. S. (2013). Antimicrobial effect of Anacardium occidentale leaf extract against pathogens causing periodontal disease. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 04(08), 15–18.
Vijayakumar, A. doss, & Kalaichelvan, P. T. (2011). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity using different extracts of Anacardium occidentale L. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2(3), 436–443.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 e-Jurnal Penyelidikan dan Inovasi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
