Analisis Asimetri Markov bagi Hubungan Penggunaan Tenaga–Pertumbuhan Ekonomi: Kes Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53840/e-jpi.v13i3.450Keywords:
tenaga boleh baharu, tenaga tidak boleh baharu, pertumbuhan ekonomi, Malaysia, pertukaran MarkovAbstract
Kajian ini meneliti hubungan tidak linear antara penggunaan tenaga boleh baharu (REC), penggunaan tenaga tidak boleh baharu (NREC) dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Malaysia menggunakan model pertukaran Markov dua rejim bagi tempoh 1980–2019. Data diperoleh daripada World Development Indicators (WDI) dan Energy Information Administration (EIA). Berbeza daripada kerangka linear yang mengandaikan hubungan yang tetap, pendekatan ini membolehkan kesan penggunaan tenaga berubah mengikut keadaan ekonomi. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa REC mempunyai hubungan positif dan signifikan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam rejim volatiliti rendah, tetapi tidak signifikan dalam rejim volatiliti tinggi. Sebaliknya, NREC menunjukkan hubungan negatif dan signifikan ketika volatiliti ekonomi tinggi, manakala kesannya tidak signifikan dalam keadaan yang lebih stabil. Secara keseluruhan, hubungan tenaga–pertumbuhan di Malaysia didapati bergantung pada rejim. Dapatan ini menyokong pengukuhan tenaga boleh baharu secara progresif melalui pelaburan teknologi, penyelidikan dan pembangunan serta infrastruktur, di samping meningkatkan daya tahan sistem tenaga terhadap perubahan keadaan makroekonomi.
Downloads
References
Abdullah, W., et al. (2021). Public participation of renewable energy (PPRED) model in Malaysia: An instrument development. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 10(1), 119–137.
Ahmad, S., Ab Kadir, M. Z. A., & Shafie, S. (2011). Current perspective of the renewable energy development in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(2), 897–904.
Azlina, A. A. (2012). Energy consumption and economic development in Malaysia: A multivariate cointegration analysis. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65, 674–681.
Baz, K., et al. (2021). Asymmetric impact of fossil fuel and renewable energy consumption on economic growth: A nonlinear technique. Energy, 226, 120357.
Bui, T., & Van, H. B. (2023). Evaluating the relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth in Vietnam, 1995–2019. Energy Reports, 9, 609–617.
Chandran, V., Sharma, S., & Madhavan, K. (2010). Electricity consumption–growth nexus: The case of Malaysia. Energy Policy, 38(1), 606–612.
Chen, C., Pinar, M., & Stengos, T. (2020). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Evidence from a threshold model. Energy Policy, 139.
Etokakpan, M. U., et al. (2020). Modeling natural gas consumption, capital formation, globalisation, CO2 emissions and economic growth nexus in Malaysia. Energy Strategy Reviews, 31, 100526.
Goldfeld, S. M., & Quandt, R. E. (1973). A Markov model for switching regression. Journal of Econometrics, 1, 3–16.
Hamilton, J. D. (1989). A New Approach to the Economic Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series and the Business Cycle. Econometrica, 57(2), 357. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912559
Jafri, M. A. H., Liu, H., Usman, A., & Khan, Q. R. (2021). Re-evaluating the asymmetric conventional energy and renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus for Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research.
Jalal, T. S., & Bodger, P. (2009). National energy policies and the electricity sector in Malaysia. 3rd International Conference on Energy and Environment.
Lean, H. H., & Smyth, R. (2014). Disaggregated energy demand by fuel type and economic growth in Malaysia. Applied Energy, 132, 168–177.
Li, Y., & Solaymani, S. (2021). Energy consumption, technology innovation and economic growth nexuses in Malaysian. Energy, 121040.
Malik, M. N. A., & Masih, M. (2017). The relationship between energy consumption, financial development and economic growth: Evidence from Malaysia based on ARDL.
Park, S.-Y., & Yoo, S.-H. (2014). The dynamics of oil consumption and economic growth in Malaysia. Energy Policy, 66, 218–223.
Pasut, C., et al. (2021). Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur elemental fluxes in the soil and exchanges with the atmosphere in Australian tropical, temperate, and arid wetlands. Atmosphere, 12(1), 42.
Phadkantha, R., & Tansuchat, R. (2023). Dynamic impacts of energy efficiency, economic growth, and renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions: Evidence from Markov Switching model. Energy Reports, 9, 332–336.
Rafindadi, A. A., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Natural gas consumption and economic growth nexus: Is the 10th Malaysian plan attainable within the limits of its resource? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, 1221–1232.
Rahman, M. S., Noman, A. H. M., & Shahari, F. (2017). Does economic growth in Malaysia depend on disaggregate energy? Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78, 640–647.
Raihan, A., & Tuspekova, A. (2022). Toward a sustainable environment: Nexus between economic growth, renewable energy use, forested area, and carbon emissions in Malaysia. Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances, 15, 200096.
Shaari, M. S., Rahim, H. A., & Rashid, I. (2013). Relationship among population, energy consumption and economic growth in Malaysia. International Journal of Social Science, 13(1).
Siong, T. C., Kogid, M., & Alin, J. M. (2021). Asymmetric modeling of fuel consumption in Malaysia. Energy, 121905.
Solarin, S. A., & Shahbaz, M. (2015). Natural gas consumption and economic growth: The role of foreign direct investment, capital formation and trade openness in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 835–845.
Tang, C. F. (2008). A re-examination of the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Malaysia. Energy Policy, 36(8), 3077–3085.
Tang, K., Wang, M., & Zhou, D. (2021). Abatement potential and cost of agricultural greenhouse gases in Australian dryland farming system. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(17), 21862–21873.
Xie, P., Zhu, Z., Hu, G., & Huang, J. (2023). Renewable energy and economic growth hypothesis: Evidence from N-11 countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(1).
Xuan, P. P., Chin, L., & Ismail, N. W. (2018). Energy consumption and real GDP nexus: A Malaysian case demonstrating the importance of trade openness. International Journal of Business & Society, 19(2).
Zakaria, Z., et al. (2021). The progress of fuel cell for Malaysian residential consumption: Energy status and prospects to introduction as a renewable power generation system. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 144, 110984.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 e-Jurnal Penyelidikan dan Inovasi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
